Anatomical Conditions in Simultaneous Orthognathic Surgery and Structural Rhinoplasty. A Clinical Series / Condiciones Anatómicas en Cirugía Ortognática y Rinoplastia Estructural Simultanea. Una Seria Clínica

SUMMARY: Orthognathic surgery and rhinoplasty show synergy in terms of function and aesthetic results. The aim of this research is to analyze variables related to simultaneous orthognathic surgery and rhinoplasty and to discuss the surgical sequence. Male and female subjects between 18 and 45 years old were included in this research. Diagnosis related to nasal morphology (nasal tip bifid, rotate, square and others as well as the alae morphology and columella), facial deformity (sagittal and vertical deformity), type of surgery (rhinoplasty techniques and orthognathic techniques) and complications were included. The minimum follow-up was 12 months; Chi- Square and t test were used to define correlations, considering a value of p<0.05 for statistical significance. Class III facial deformity was observed in 40 % of subjects and class II facial deformity was present in 43 %. For the nasal deformities, the tip and nasal bridge were most prevalent; primary nasal deformity was observed in the 83 % of subjects and was significant more than secondary nasal deformity (p=0.042). Bimaxillary surgery was performed in 31 cases (88 %). In 10 cases a change of the original plan for rhinoplasty due to previous maxillary surgery was realized, mainly in class III facial deformity, with no statistical differences. Revision rhinoplasty was realized in 5 cases (14 %) and was not related to surgical variables; revision for orthognathic surgery was not necessary in this series. Rhinoplasty and orthognathic surgery simultaneously show low complications and predictable results. We can conclude that maxillary mandibular osteotomies and rhinoplasty could be performed safely. However, larger studies are necessary to understand the best choice and variables involved in simultaneous procedures and soft tissue response.

La cirugía ortognática y la rinoplastia muestran sinergia en términos de resultados funcionales y estéticos. EL objetivo de esta investigación es analizar variables relacionadas con la cirugía ortognática y rinoplastia ejecutada de forma simultanea. Fueron incluidos hombres y mujeres entre 18 y 45 años de edad. EL diagnóstico fue en base a la morfología nasal (punta bífida, rotada, cuadrada u otras así como alteraciones del ala nasal y columela), deformidad facial (deformidad sagital y vertical), tipo de cirugía (técnica de rinoplastia y cirugía ortognática) y complicaciones asociadas. El seguimiento mínimo fue de 12 meses; se utilizo las prueba t test y chi cuadrado para definir relaciones estadísticas considerando un valor de p< 0,05 para obtener diferencias significativas. La deformidad clase III fue observada en el 40 % de los sujetos y la deformidad facial de clase II se presento en el 43 %. Para la deformidad nasal, las alteraciones de a punta nasal y nasal fueron mas prevalentes; la deformidad nasal primaria se presentó en el 83 % de los sujetos y fue significativamente mayor que la deformidad nasal secundaria (p=0,042). La cirugía bimaxilar se realizó en 31 casos (88 %); en 10 casos se realizó el cambio del plan quirúrgico inicial de la rinoplastia debido a cambios generados en la cirugía maxilar previa, mayormente en deformidad facial de clase III, sin presentar diferencias significativas. La rinoplastia de revisión fue realizada en 5 casos (14 %) y no fue relacionada con ninguna variable de tipo quirúrgica; la revisión de cirugía ortognática no fue realizada en ningún caso de esta serie. La rinoplastia y la cirugía ortognática simultanea mostraron bajas complicaciones y resultados predecibles. Se puede concluir que la osteotomía maxilo mandibular y la rinoplastia son seguras; sin embargo, estudios de mayor volumen son necesarios para entender la mejor opción y variables relacionadas con procedimientos simultáneos y la respuesta de tejidos blandos faciales.

Transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty with "super released" orbital fat in correction of tear trough and palpebromalar groove depression / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate effectiveness of transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty with "super released" orbital fat in correction of lower eyelid pouch protrusion and tear trough and palpebromalar groove depression.@*METHODS@#A clinical data of 82 patients (164 sides) with lower eyelid pouch protrusion and tear trough and palpebromalar groove depression, who met the selection criteria between September 2021 and May 2022, was retrospectively analyzed. Of the included patients, 3 were males and 79 were females, with an average age of 34.5 years (range, 22-46 years). All patients had varying degrees of eyelid pouch protrusion and tear trough and palpebromalar groove depression. The deformities were graded by the Barton grading system as gradeⅠ in 64 sides, grade Ⅱ in 72 sides, and grade Ⅲ in 28 sides. The orbital fat transpositions were performed through the lower eyelid conjunctival approach. The membrane surrounding the orbital fat was completely released, allowing the orbital fat to fully herniate until the herniated orbital fat did not retract significantly in a resting and relaxed state, which is regarded as the "super released" standard. The released fat strip was spread into the anterior zygomatic space and the anterior maxillary space, and percutaneous fixed to the middle face. The suture that penetrates the skin was externally fixed by adhesive tape pasting without knotted.@*RESULTS@#There were 3 sides with chemosis after operation, 1 side with facial skin numbness, 1 side with mild lower eyelid retraction at the early stage after operation, and 5 sides with slight pouch residue. No hematoma, infection, or diplopia occurred. All patients were followed up 4-8 months, with an average of 6.2 months. The eyelid pouch protrusion, tear trough, and palpebromalar groove depression were significantly corrected. At last follow-up, the deformity was graded by Barton grading system as grade 0 in 158 sides and grade Ⅰ in 6 sides, with a significant difference compared to the preoperative score ( P<0.001). Patient's self-evaluation satisfaction reached very satisfied in 67 cases (81.7%), satisfied in 10 cases (12.2%), generally satisfied in 4 cases (4.8%), and dissatisfied in 1 case (1.2%).@*CONCLUSION@#The "super released" orbital fat can effectively prevent the retraction of orbital fat, reduce the probability of residual or recurrence of eyelid pouches, and improve the correction effect.

Estabilização zigomática e retalho de avanço facial lateral em canino filhote / Zygomatic stabilization and lateral facial advancement flap in a puppy dog

O trauma é frequentemente relatado na rotina clínica de pequenos animais, podendo gerar fraturas de componentes ósseos e lesões de tecidos moles adjacentes. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se relatar o caso de um canino, macho, sem raça definida, de sete meses de idade, vítima de trauma craniomaxilofacial decorrente de mordedura, diagnosticado com fratura e deslocamento de osso zigomático, além de importante laceração de pele. O tratamento estabelecido baseou-se no debridamento da ferida, estabilização cirúrgica de arco zigomático com fios de Nylon e na sutura dos ferimentos de pele causados. Em um segundo tempo cirúrgico, foi realizada enucleação e recobrimento do defeito na órbita com malha cirúrgica de polipropileno, além de remoção de tecido exuberante e confecção de retalho subdérmico de avanço facial lateral para recobrimento do defeito cutâneo. A complicação evidenciada na primeira intervenção cirúrgica foi a deiscência das suturas de pele, enquanto no segundo tempo cirúrgico, não houve sinais de complicações. No pós-operatório, o paciente apresentou evolução clínica satisfatória, recebendo alta médica 21 dias após o segundo procedimento cirúrgico realizado. Tendo em vista a adequada evolução clínica, bem como os reduzidos efeitos colaterais, sugere-se que a conduta clínica e técnicas cirúrgicas adotadas para tratamento do paciente em questão foram efetivas.

Trauma is frequently reported in the small animal clinics, and can lead to fractures of cranial bone components and injuries to the adjacent soft tissues. In the present study, the objective was to report the case of a seven-month-old male mongrel dog, that had a craniomaxillofacial trauma resulting from a bite, characterized by zygomatic bone fracture and displacement, in addition to a major skin laceration. The stablished treatment was based on wound debridement, surgical stabilization of the zygomatic arch with nylon threads and in the suturing of skin wounds. In a second surgical procedure, enucleation was performed and a surgical polypropylene mesh was applied to cover the orbital defect, exuberant tissue was removed and a subdermal advancement flap was used to cover the skin defect. The complication observed in the first surgical intervention was dehiscence of the skin sutures, while in the second surgical procedure, there were no signs of complications. Postoperatively, the patient had a satisfactory clinical recovery, being discharged 21 days after the second surgical procedure. Considering the adequate clinical evolution and the reduced complications, it issuggestedthat the clinical conduct and surgical techniques adopted for the treatment of the patient in question were effective.

Morfología ósea facial en cirugía ortognática. ¿existe tendencia hacia el avance facial? / Facial morphology in orthognathic surgery: is there a facial advance trend?

RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los movimientos preferidos en maxila y mandíbula para obtener normalidad en morfología facial utilizando técnicas de superimposición en análisis 3D. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo para evaluar el desplazamiento óseo bimaxilar y del hueso hioides en sujetos clase facial tipo II y clase facial tipo III sometidos a cirugía ortognática. Para la superimposición se utilizó como puntos fijos Nasion - Silla - Porion y la sutura cigomática-maxilar. Estos puntos se superpusieron en CBCT pre quirúrgico y postquirúrgico y se evaluó el desplazamiento de la espina nasal anterior, Punto A, Punto B, mentón y del hueso hioides. Para la evaluación y comparación de las variables continuas antes y después de la cirugía ortognática se utilizó la prueba T de Student. Para la correlación entre las variables, se utilizó el Test de Spearman considerando un valor p<0,05 como diferencia significativa. 44 sujetos de entre 18 y 40 años de ambos sexos, fueron incluidos en esta investigación. En el 90 % de los sujetos se realizó un movimiento sagital de avance de la maxila. El movimiento sagital de avance mandibular se realizó en el 100 % de los sujetos con clase facial tipo II, mientras que el 100 % de los sujetos con clase facial tipo III se realizó se le retroceso mandibular. El hueso hioides presentó un avance en 26 de los 27 sujetos con clase facial tipo III. Es posible concluir que existe una tendencia al avance maxilar independiente de la deformidad facial.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to determine the preferred movements in the maxilla and mandible to obtain normality in facial morphology using superimposition techniques in 3D analysis. A descriptive study was carried out to evaluate bimaxillary bone displacement and hyoid bone in subjects facial class II and facial class III undergoing orthognathic surgery. were used as fixed points for superimposition: Nasion (N) - Silla (S) - Porion (Po) and the zygomatic-maxillary suture (Z). These points were superimposed in pre-surgical and post- surgical CBCT and was evaluated to displacement of the anterior nasal spine, Point A, Point B, Chin and the hyoid bone. For the evaluation and comparison of continuous variables before and after orthognathic surgery, was used the Student's t test. For the correlation between the variables, the Spearman test is used, considering a p value <0.05 as a significant difference. 44 subjects between 18 and 40 years old of both sexes were included in this research. A 90% of subjects a was performed a maxillay sagittal movement. The sagittal movement of mandibular advancement was performed in 100% with facial class type II, while 100 % of the subjects with with facial class type III had a mandibular recession. The hyoid bone advanced in 26 of the 27 subjects with facial class type II. It is possible to conclude that there is a tendency for maxillary advancement, independent of facial deformity.

Tratamento cirúrgico de fratura Le Fort II: relato de caso / Surgical Treatment of Le Fort II Fracture: Case Report

Fraturas faciais geralmente resultam traumas, e podem ocorrer de forma isolada ou concomitante a outras lesões. O trauma na região facial resulta em danos não só em tecido ósseo, mas também em tecido mole e dentição, causando um prejuízo na função e na estética do paciente. Os acidentes automotores permanecem sendo uma das causas mais significativas de traumas faciais. As fraturas do terço médio da face incluem a maxila, zigoma e o complexo naso órbito etimoidal; podem ser classificadas em: fraturas Le Fort I, II ou III, fraturas do complexo zigomático maxilar, fraturas de arco zigomático ou fraturas naso órbito etimoidais. Elas podem ser unilaterais ou bilaterais, simétricas ou assimétricas. Este estudo objetiva-se em relatar o caso clínico de um paciente do sexo masculino, 31 anos, vítima de acidente automobilístico (carro/ anteparo). O paciente foi diagnosticado com fratura do tipo Le Fort II e nasal onde foi realizado o tratamento de redução e fixação interna rígida das fraturas de maxila e redução incruenta de fratura nasal, resultando em melhora da condição do paciente. As fraturas Le Fort são predominantemente causadas por colisões de alta energia. Portanto o tratamento é imprescindível para a devolução da função, estética e autoestima do paciente... (AU)

Facial fractures usually result from trauma, and may occur in isolation or concomitantly with other injuries. Trauma in the facial region results in damage not only to bone tissue but also to soft tissue and dental elements, which causes a loss in the patient's function and esthetics. Automotive accidents remain one of the most significant causes of facial trauma. Fractures of the middle third of the face include maxilla, zygoma and the nasoorbitoethmoid; may be classified as: Le Fort I, II or III fractures, maxillary zygomatic complex fractures, zygomatic arch fractures, or nasoorbitoethmoid. They can be unilateral or bilateral, symmetrical or asymmetric. The present study aims to report the clinical case of a 31 years, male patient, victim of an automobile accident (car/fixed shield). The patient was diagnosed with le Fort II and nasal fracture, where the treatment of reduction and rigid internal fixation of maxilla fractures and reduction of nasal fracture were performed, resulting in improvement of the patient's condiction. Le Fort fractures are predominantly caused by high energy collisions. Therefore the treatment is essential for the return of the function, aesthetics and increase of the patient's self-esteem... (AU)

Comprehensive correction of maxillofacial bone deformity-consideration and combined application of orthognathic surgery and facial contouring surgery / 华西口腔医学杂志

The maxillofacial skeleton is the basis of the contour of the face. Orthognathic surgery and facial contouring surgery change jaw tissue and affect facial appearance in different manners. Orthognathic surgery is the main method to correct dental and maxillofacial deformities. It changes the shape of the jaw and improves the occlusal relationship by changing the three-dimensional position of the jaw. Facial contouring surgery mainly adopts the method of "bone reduction", which changes the "amount"of the jawbone by cutting a part of the bone tissue to improve the facial appearance, generally without changing oral function. The combined use of orthognathic surgery and facial contouring surgery is becoming increasingly common in clinical practice. This also requires oral and maxillofacial surgeons to have a holistic consideration of the comprehensive correction of maxillofacial bone deformity, and to perform comprehensive analysis of jaw deformities and jaw plastic surgery to achieve the most ideal results. The author's team has been engaged in the clinical work of orthognathic surgery and facial contouring surgery and accumulated rich clinical experience in the comprehensive correction of maxillofacial bone deformity. In this article, the indications, treatment goals, treatment modes, treatment methods, and key points in the surgical operations of comprehensive maxillofacial bone surgery were summarized.

Tratamento de fraturas múltiplas da face associadas a ferimento extenso: relato de caso / Reconstruction of multiple face fractures associated with extensive injury: case report

As fraturas panfaciais acometem concomitantemente os terços superior, médio e inferior da face, decorrentes de acidentes automobilísticos, arma de fogo, atropelamento, agressão física, entre outros. Essas fraturas geralmente envolvem osso frontal, zigomático, maxila, mandíbula e ossos nasais, necessitando assim, fixação interna rígida através do uso de miniplacas e parafusos com o propósito de estabilizar as estruturas fraturadas, dar suporte aos tecidos moles e evitar deformidades estéticas da face. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o manejo cirúrgico de um caso clinico atendido em um hospital público de Salvador/BA, no qual a vítima apresenta ampla laceração na face e fratura exposta do terço médio da face. O tratamento executado sob anestesia geral foi redução dos cotos ósseos fraturados, fixação com miniplacas e parafusos, reconstrução imediata dos tecidos moles acometidos(AU)

Panfacial fractures affect concomitantly the upper, middle, lower third of the face, resulting from automobile accidents, firearms, hit-and-run, physical aggression, among others. These fractures usually involve frontal bone, zygomatic, maxilla, jaw and nasal bones, thus requiring rigid internal fixation through the use of miniplates and screws in order to stabilize fractured structures, support soft tissues avoiding aesthetic face deformities. The objective of this work is to report the surgical management of a clinical case attended in a public hospital in Salvador/BA, in which the victim has wide laceration of the face and exposed fracture of the middle third of the face. Treatment performed under general anesthesia was reduction of fractured bone stumps, fixation with miniplates and screws, immediate reconstruction of the affected soft tissues(AU)

Aportes en lifting facial masculino: diseño de las incisiones de abordaje / Contributions in male facelift: design of the approach incisions

Si bien la cirugía del envejecimiento facial es uno de los procedimientos estéticos más frecuentes en la actualidad, tanto en varones como en mujeres, el lifting facial en los pacientes de sexo masculino requiere especial atención, debido a diversos factores en los cuales difi ere del mismo procedimiento en pacientes femeninas, como el uso de cabello corto, la presencia de barba y patillas, la calvicie, etc, así como el mayor celo de su intimidad y la reserva en los varones. Por lo tanto es de primordial importancia preservar la naturalidad. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar el diseño personal de las incisiones de abordaje para el lifting facial en pacientes de sexo masculino, y evaluar los resultados obtenidos.

Although surgery of the ageing face is one of the most frequent aesthetic procedure nowadays, both on male and female patients, face lift on the male patient requires special attention, due to diff erent aspects that make this procedure diff erent from female patients, such as short hair, the presence of beard and sideburns, baldness, etc., and greater privacy zeal in male patients. Thus naturalness is of paramount importance. The purpose of this article is to present our personal design in the approach of face lift on male patients, and evaluate the results achieved.

Research Progress and Prospect of Facial Reconstruction in Forensic Science / 法医学杂志

Facial reconstruction is a way to recover facial morphology by restoring soft tissues based on unidentified skulls using the knowledge of anatomy, anthropology, aesthetics, and computer science. It is applied in forensic science, oral plastic surgery and archeology, and especially plays an important role in the identification of the origin of the unknown corpses in forensic science. Facial reconstruction is the supplementary means of identification when other approaches （such as DNA comparison, imaging matching, dental records comparison, etc.） cannot identify individual identity. Facial soft tissue thickness （FSTT） is the basis of facial reconstruction and with the development of imaging and computer science, the techniques for measuring FSTT are improving rapidly and many related researches have appeared. This paper summarizes the application of facial reconstruction in forensic science, the accuracy of different methods and the research progress of this field to provide reference to this field.

Neurofibromatose tipo 1 com acometimento do nervo infraorbital: relato de caso / Neurofibromatosis type 1 with infraorbital nerve involvement: a case report

A neurofibromatose tipo 1 é uma doença autossômica dominante rara, com manifestações clínicas diversas. Sua apresentação mais marcante é a presença de neurofibromas (tumores da bainha neural) cutâneos ou internos, que também podem ocorrer de forma esporádica, associados a outras manifestações sistêmicas, como manchas café com leite e lesões oculares. Por serem tumores da bainha de mielina, os neurofibromas podem acometer diversos nervos periféricos, incluindo nervos da face. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente de 1 ano, portador de neurofibromatose tipo 1, com neurofibroma em nervo infraorbital direito, com o acesso proposto para tratamento cirúrgico que fornecesse ampla visualização e acesso a lesão, sem comprometimento estético importante, permitindo preservação de partes moles e adequado crescimento facial.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a rare autosomal dominant disease with multiple clinical manifestations. Its most significant presentation is cutaneous or subcutaneous neurofibromas (myelin sheath tumors), which may be associated with other systemic manifestations such as caféau- lait spots and eye involvement. Neurofibromas can affect several peripheral nerves, including the facial nerves. This report presents a case of a 1-year-old patient with NF1 with right infraorbital nerve neurofibroma in which the proposed access for surgical treatment allowed adequate visualization of the tumor with good aesthetic results, preservation of the soft tissues, and normal facial growth.

Reanimação estática do lábio inferior na paralisia facial como complicação de preenchimento / Static lower lip reanimation as a filler complication of facial paralysis

Procedimentos de rejuvenescimento facial substitutos da cirurgia tradicional tornaram-se cada vez mais populares para promover uma aparência jovial com procedimentos minimamente invasivos, como toxina botulínica injetável, preenchimento de tecidos moles e peelings químicos. No entanto, complicações podem ocorrer mesmo na presença de um injetor habilidoso e experiente. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente submetida a reanimação labial estática usando retalho dermoadiposo para lesão do nervo facial direito após remoção de nódulos como complicação de preenchimento. A "abordagem modificada de bull horn" foi realizada para elevação do lábio superior em torno das asas nasais e columela e ao longo do sulco nasolabial direito. O retalho foi desepitelizado e obtido. Usando a ponta aberta de uma pequena cânula de lipoaspiração, a porção distal do retalho foi encapsulada e fixada diretamente em C-loop e foram utilizados pontos U, transfixando o retalho para o periósteo do arco zigomático. Nos três anos de seguimento não foram observadas complicações significativas e a paciente não relatou nenhuma limitação funcional ou insatisfação com o aspecto das cicatrizes no sulco nasolabial e ao redor das asas nasais e da columela.

Facial rejuvenation procedures to circumvent traditional surgery have become increasingly popular to promote a youthful appearance with minimally invasive procedures such as injectable botulinum toxin, soft-tissue fillers, and chemical peels. Nevertheless, complications can occur even with an astute and experienced injector. Here we present the case of a patient who underwent static lip reanimation using a dermoadiposal flap for right facial nerve damage following nodule removal as a filler complication. A "modified bulls horn approach" to the upper lip lift was performed around the nasal wings and columella and along the right nasolabial fold. The flap was de-epithelized and harvested. Using the open tip of a small liposuction cannula, the distal portion of the flap was tunneled and fixed directly in a C-loop fashion using U stitches, transfixing the flap to the periosteum of the zygomatic arch. At 3 years follow-up, no significant complications were observed, and the patient reported no functional limitations or dissatisfaction with the scars in the nasolabial fold or around the nasal wings and columella.

Retalho interpolado de sulco nasogeniano em único estágio para reconstrução de defeitos nasais e de canto interno da órbita / Single-stage nasolabial interpolation flap for reconstructing defects of the nose and inner corner of the eye

Introdução: Os retalhos interpolados são opções cirúrgicas eficazes para reconstruções de defeitos cutâneos em várias áreas do corpo, inclusive na face. O retalho proposto dispensa cuidados pós-operatórios com o pedículo exposto e pode ser realizado em tempo único. O objetivo é avaliar a utilidade do retalho interpolado de sulco nasogeniano (RISN) em ilha, na reconstrução de segmentos nasais e do canto interno da órbita, bem como discutir refinamentos em seu design e execução. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de prontuários de pacientes com defeitos nasais ou de canto interno da órbita, e que foram reparados com retalho interpolado do sulco nasogeniano. Todos os retalhos foram confeccionados de maneira randômica, realizando-se túnel subcutâneo para evitar pedículo exposto e cicatriz que comunicasse a área doadora e o defeito. Resultados: cinco pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, com idade entre 30 e 92 anos. Em todos os casos foi realizada biópsia de congelação intraoperatória que revelou margens livres de doença, orientando a extensão da ressecção. O CBC foi encontrado em 4 pacientes e o CEC em um paciente. Não houve complicações como sangramento pós-operatório ou necrose. Bons resultados funcionais e estéticos foram alcançados em todos os pacientes. Discussão: Vale ressaltar a versatilidade do retalho nasogeniano interpolado, sendo capaz de auxiliar na reconstrução de defeitos extensos não apenas de asa, ponta e columela nasais, mas também de dorso e canto medial do olho. Destaca-se também o aspecto estético mais favorável do pedículo do retalho interpolado em ilha comparado ao de transposição. Conclusão: O RISN interpolado em único estágio é uma opção confiável na reconstrução de segmentos faciais. Apresenta boa vascularização, possibilidade se ser realizado em único tempo e pode ser utilizado para cobertura nos locais onde há poucas opções reconstrutivas disponíveis.

Introduction: Interpolation flaps are effective surgical options for reconstructing skin defects in various areas of the body, including the face. The proposed flap does not require postoperative care with the pedicle exposed and can be performed in a single surgery. The objective is to evaluate the usefulness of the nasolabial interpolation island flap (NIF) for reconstructing nasal segments and the inner corner of the eye, as well as discuss improvements in its design and performance. Methods: In this retrospective study, medical records of patients with nasal defects that were repaired with a nasolabial interpolation flap were reviewed. All flaps were created with a subcutaneous tunnel to avoid pedicle exposure and prevent scar connection with the donor area and the defect. Results: Five patients aged 30­92 years were included. In all cases, intraoperative frozen biopsy revealed disease-free margins, indicating the extent of the resection. Basal cell carcinoma was found in four patients and squamous cell carcinoma in one. There were no complications such as postoperative bleeding or necrosis. Good functional and aesthetic results were achieved. Discussion: The NIF can help in the reconstruction of extensive defects of the nasal ala, tip, columella, and medial dorsum as well as the corner of the eye. We also highlight the more favorable aesthetic aspect of the pedicle in the interpolation island versus transposition flap. Conclusion: The single-stage NIF flap is a reliable option for reconstructing facial segments as it has good vascularization, can be performed in a single surgery, and can be used to cover places where few other reconstructive options are available.

Ritidoplastia e paralisia facial: como lidar? / Facelift and Facial nerve injury: how to deal with?

Não é novidade para os cirurgiões plásticos, especialmente aos que se dedicam à cirurgia de face, que o nervo facial pode ser lesado virtualmente em qualquer cirurgia de ritidoplastia. Porém, apesar da importância contida nesse tema, não é tarefa simples encontrar na literatura artigos que abordem de forma objetiva a correlação entre lesão do nervo facial e cirurgia facial. Paralisias faciais, sejam elas completas ou não, podem se tornar situações potencialmente conflituosas na relação médicopaciente. Este artigo, portanto, visa propor de forma clara e sucinta, baseada na experiência dos autores, um guia de como evitar, identificar e tratar uma potencial lesão do nervo facial no contexto de uma cirurgia de face, em especial a ritidoplastia.

Is largely known that the facial nerve virtually can be injured in every facial lift. Even though its importance, it is difficult to find in the literature articles related to this theme. Complete or incomplete facial paralysis after a facial procedures, may become a very uncomfortable situation between the patient and the surgeon, that is why we propose in this article a guide which intends to help avoid, identify and manage a facial nerve injury in the event of a face lift. Identifying Facial palsy before the surgery: Intending to make the pre-op facial assessment as simple as possible, we suggest a systematic approach examination. Avoiding facial nerve injury during face lifting: Several technical details are discussed along the text aiming to minimize the risk of nerve damage during the surgical procedure. What to in the event of a post-operative facial palsy: The authors propose a logical approach to the facial palsy, suggesting a planning for diagnosis, classification of the lesion and a rational treatment for the injury. Conclusion: This article presents a guide showing some safe technical options to avoid nerve damage during rythidoplasty, how to identify the lesion and treat it if necessary.

Fibrohistiocitoma maligno gigante de face: tratamento reparador microcirúrgico utilizando retalho miocutâneo transverso do reto do abdome - Relato de caso / Giant malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the face: case report of microsurgical repair using a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap

Introdução: A ressecção de tumores invasivos de cabeça e pescoço pode resultar em defeitos extensos e complexos exigindo reparação imediata. Uma das opções de reparação é a transferência, utilizando técnica de microcirurgia vascular, do retalho musculocutâneo do reto abdominal pediculado nos vasos epigástricos inferiores profundos (TRAM). O presente estudo tem como objetivo registrar um procedimento utilizado no tratamento reparador microcirúrgico de fibrohistiocitoma maligno gigante de face com retalho TRAM. Relato de Caso: Paciente procurou atendimento médico devido a lesão tumoral gigante em hemiface direita. Foi realizada a tomografia computadorizada do crânio revelando volumoso processo expansivo de aspecto vegetante com limites mal definidos. Após os procedimentos básicos no pré-operatório, realizou-se a exérese do tumor que acometia músculos masseter e temporal direito, glândula parótida, assoalho orbitário à direita e osso malar. Posteriormente, retirou-se o retalho microcirúrgico do músculo reto do abdome em conjunto com a artéria epigástrica inferior profunda através de incisão cirúrgica da área hipogástrica. Em seguida, dissecção da artéria e veia facial utilizando microscópio e anastomoses venosa e arterial. Quanto à evolução retalho apresentou-se íntegro, com boa perfusão, sem sinais de infecção. Conclusões: A reconstrução facial microcirúrgica oferece liberdade ao cirurgião de cabeça e pescoço para realizar grandes ressecções tumorais.

Introduction: The resection of invasive tumors of the head and neck can result in extensive and complex defects requiring immediate repair. One repair option is the transfer of a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap pedicled on deep inferior epigastric vessels using vascular microsurgery. This study aimed to register a procedure used in the microsurgical treatment of giant malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the face using a TRAM flap. Case Report: A male patient sought medical care for a giant tumoral lesion in the right hemiface. Computed tomography of the skull revealed a voluminous expansive process of vegetating aspect with poorly defined borders. The excision of the tumor affected the right masseter and temporalis muscles, parotid gland, and right orbital and malar bones. Subsequently, microsurgical withdrawal of the TRAM flap was performed with the deep inferior epigastric artery through a surgical incision in the hypogastric area. Dissection of the facial artery and vein under microscopy and venous and arterial anastomoses followed. The flap was intact with good perfusion and no signs of infection. Conclusions: Microsurgical facial reconstruction allows head and neck surgeons to resect large tumors.

Unusual branching pattern and termination of facial artery and its clinical implications for facial operations / Padrão anômalo de ramificação e terminação da artéria facial e implicações clínicas para cirurgias da face

The facial artery is the main artery of the face and variations in its origin and its branching pattern have been documented. We report herein multiple facial artery branch variations in the face. A large posterior (premasseteric) branch originated from the left facial artery and coursed upwards behind the main trunk of the facial artery. This artery presented with a straight course and was closely related to the anterior border of the masseter. The branch then terminated by supplying the adjacent connective tissue below the parotid duct. It was also observed that the facial artery was very thick and tortuous and terminated as the superior labial artery. Knowledge of this variation is of great clinical significance in facial operations, especially for maxillofacial surgeons and plastic surgeons, because it forms the anatomical basis for the facial artery musculo-mucosal flap

A artéria facial é a principal artéria da face, e variações da sua origem e padrão de ramificação têm sido documentadas. Este artigo descreve múltiplas variações de ramificações da artéria facial. Um ramo posterior grande (pré-massetérico) teve origem na artéria facial esquerda e cursou para cima por trás do tronco principal da artéria facial. Essa artéria apresentou um curso reto e intimamente relacionado com a borda anterior do masseter. O ramo terminou suprindo o tecido conjuntivo adjacente abaixo do ducto parotídeo. Também se observou que a artéria facial tinha grande calibre, era tortuosa e terminava na artéria labial superior. Conhecer essa variação é de grande significância clínica em cirurgias da face, principalmente para cirurgiões maxilofaciais e plásticos, tendo em vista que ela forma a base anatômica para o retalho músculo-mucoso da artéria facial

Characterization of bone substitute beta946; -TCP block for maxillofacial reconstruction / Caracterización del bloque beta946; -TCP de sustitución ósea para la reconstrucción maxilofacial

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to characterize a commercial beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) block allograft for use in maxillofacial reconstruction, evaluating its homogeneity, porosity and mineralization. Two commercial 5 x 5 x10 mm chronOS Vivify β-TCP blocks were used, which were evaluated by a STEM SU-3500 variable pressure scanning electron microscope (SEM-STEM) (Hitachi, Japan). For the semi-quantitative microanalysis of elements, the QUANTAX 100 energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer detector (EDX) (Bruker, Germany) was used. The homogeneity of the structural morphology, macropore and micropore size and component homogeneity were evaluated. The microscopic analysis showed micropores of 164.92 mm (± 35.032 mm) in diameter in the outer area and micropores in the inner area of 54.44 mm (± 17.676 mm). The formation of porosities and irregularities present in the block was heterogeneous between the outer and inner surfaces. The mineral content of the blocks presented homogeneity with the presence of carbon (2.02 %), oxygen (44.33 %), phosphate (16.62 %) and calcium (37.87 %). The β-TCP block can be used in bone reconstruction but the presence of reduced macropore and micropore sizes could limit efficiency in the substitution and bone regeneration phase.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar un aloinjerto de bloqueo de fosfato tricálcico (β-TCP) comercial para su uso en la reconstrucción maxilofacial, evaluando su homogeneidad, porosidad y mineralización. Se utilizaron dos bloques comerciales de 5 x 5 x 10 mm de vivify β-TCP de chronOS, que se evaluaron mediante un microscopio electrónico de barrido de presión variable STEM SU-3500 (SEM-STEM) (Hitachi, Japón). Para el microanálisis de elementos semicuantitativo, se utilizó el detector de espectrómetro de rayos X de dispersión de energía QUANTAX 100 (EDX) (Bruker, Alemania). Se evaluó la homogeneidad de la morfología estructural, el tamaño del macroporo y microporo y la homogeneidad de los componentes. El análisis microscópico mostró microporos de 164,92 mm (± 35,032 mm) de diámetro en el área externa y microporos en el área interna de 54,44 mm (± 17,676 mm). La formación de porosidades e irregularidades presentes en el bloque fue heterogénea entre las superficies externas e internas. El contenido mineral de los bloques presentó homogeneidad con la presencia de carbono (2,02 %), oxígeno (44,33 %), fosfato (16,62 %) y calcio (37,87 %). El bloque β-TCP se puede utilizar en la reconstrucción ósea, pero la presencia de macroporos y tamaños de microporos reducidos podría limitar la eficacia en la fase de sustitución y regeneración ósea.

Rejuvenescimento facial com lipoenxertia: sistematização e estudo de 151 casos consecutivos / Facial rejuvenation with fat grafting: systematization and study of 151 consecutive cases

Introdução: Considerando que a perda de volume facial é fator primário de envelhecimento, tem acontecido um aumento da demanda por materiais de preenchimento que sejam seguros, de longa duração e biocompatíveis. Nesse sentido, a utilização do enxerto de gordura vem ganhando bastante popularidade. Entretanto, existem questionamentos sobre segurança, eficácia e durabilidade da lipoenxertia. Além disso, a maioria dos artigos da literatura não menciona volumes injetados em cada área, dificultando o aprendizado dos iniciantes. Nesse estudo, analisam-se os resultados de uma série de 151 casos consecutivos de rejuvenescimento facial com lipoenxertia. Métodos: A gordura foi colhida por meio de sucção manual, centrifugada a 448g (2000 rpm/ raio 10cm) por 4 minutos e injetada com microcânulas de 1 a 1,1mm. Descreve-se a sistematização de áreas de injeção, com os respectivos volumes a serem aplicados. Resultados: Encontrou-se seguimento médio de 289,29 dias (mínimo 7, máximo 1254, DP 275,1), o volume médio injetado foi de 32 ml, variando de 4 a 68 (DP 14). Não houve complicações. Conclusão: A lipoenxertia é um procedimento seguro, previsível e efetivo, como opção de tratamento, para rejuvenescimento facial, em determinados casos.

Introduction: Considering that the loss of facial volume is a primary factor associated with aging, an increased demand for safe, long-lasting, and biocompatible filling materials has been observed. Thus, the use of fat grafting has gained considerable popularity. However, there are open questions about the safety, efficacy, and durability of fat grafting. Moreover, most studies have not presented the volumes injected in each region, making learning challenging for beginners in the area. In this study, the results of facial rejuvenation with fat grafting in 151 consecutive cases were analyzed. Methods: Fat was collected via manual suction, centrifuged at 448 g (2000 rpm/radius 10 cm) for 4 min, and injected with microcannulas that are 1-1.1 mm in size. The injection sites and corresponding injection volumes were identified. Results: The mean follow-up time was 289.29 days (minimum: 7 days, maximum: 1254 days, and standard deviation [SD]: 275.1), and the mean injection volume was 32 mL (range: 4-68 mL, SD: 14). Moreover, no complications were observed. Conclusion: Fat grafting is a safe, predictable, and effective procedure, and it can be used for facial rejuvenation in certain cases.

Outcomes of external septorhinoplasty in a Turkish male population / Resultados de rinosseptoplastia externa em uma população turca do sexo masculino

Abstract Introduction The first and one of the most important steps in facial plastic surgery is accurate preoperative facial analysis and recording of data that may help the surgeon to check the outcomes of his/her techniques, promoting a surgeon's professional development. Objective To evaluate the esthetic outcomes of external septorhinoplasty relevant to ethnic facial harmony and to investigate the relationship of the columellar incision scar with the type of skin and columellar incision type in a Turkish population. Methods In total, 28 consecutive adult male patients with a mean age of 32.14 ± 10.66 years (range: 18-61 years) were included the study. Primary outcomes were preoperative and postoperative photogrammetric facial analyses of the patients including measurement of nasofrontal angle, nasolabial angle and nasal projection ratios (Gode) assessed according to the data derived from the Rhinobase program. Results were compared to facial proportions of the Turkish population. Columellar incision scar scores related to the Fitzpatrick skin type classification of the patients and columellar incision types used for the external approach were secondary outcomes of the study. Results Mean preoperative and postoperative nasofrontal angles were 148.04° ± 8.18° and 144.50° ± 7.15°, respectively, while mean preoperative and postoperative nasolabial angles were 87.59° ± 14.01° and 98.50° ± 9.71°, respectively. Mean preoperative and postoperative nasal tip projection ratios were 0.56 ± 0.05 and 0.60 ± 0.06, respectively. The differences between pre- and postoperative measurements were all significantly different and were in accordance with Turkish nasal harmony. Columellar inverted "V" incisions were performed in 15 (53.6%) patients while "V" incisions were used in 13 (46.4%) patients. Fitzpatrick skin Type 4 was seen in 46.42% of the patients, Fitzpatrick Type 3 in 46.42% and Fitzpatrick Type 2 in 7.14% of the patients. No significant difference was seen between columellar scar scores according to skin type and columellar incision type used for external septorhinoplasty. Conclusions This study demonstrated that outcomes for nasofrontal angle, nasolabial angle and nasal tip projection ratios analyzed using the Rhinobase program in patients who underwent external septorhinoplasty were similar to reference values for the Turkish population.

Resumo Introdução O primeiro e um dos mais importantes passos na cirurgia plástica facial é a análise pré-operatória facial precisa e o registro de dados que podem ajudar o cirurgião a verificar os resultados de suas técnicas, promovendo seu desenvolvimento profissional. Objetivo Avaliar os resultados estéticos da rinosseptoplastia externa relevantes para a harmonia étnica facial e investigar a associação da cicatriz de incisão columelar com o tipo de pele e o tipo de incisão columelar em uma população turca. Método No total, 28 pacientes adultos consecutivos com média de idade de 32,14 ± 10,66 anos (intervalo: 18-61 anos) foram incluídos no estudo. Os desfechos primários foram as análises faciais fotogramétricas pré-operatórias e pós-operatórias dos pacientes, incluindo a medida do ângulo nasofrontal, ângulo nasolabial e razões da projeção nasal (Gode), avaliados de acordo com os dados derivados do programa Rhinobase. Os resultados foram comparados às proporções faciais da população turca. Os escores de cicatriz de incisão columelar relacionados com a classificação de Fitzpatrick do tipo de pele dos pacientes e os tipos de incisão columelar usados para a abordagem externa foram os desfechos secundários do estudo. Resultados Os ângulos nasofrontais pré- e pós-operatórios médios foram 148,04 ± 8,18° e 144,50 ± 7,15°, respectivamente, enquanto os ângulos nasolabiais pré- e pós-operatórios médios foram 87,59 ± 14,01° e 98,50 ± 9,71°, respectivamente. As razões médias da projeção nasal pré- e pós-operatória foram de 0,56 ± 0,05 e 0,60 ± 0,06, respectivamente. As diferenças entre as medidas pré- e pós-operatórias foram todas significativamente diferentes e estavam de acordo com a harmonia nasal turca. A incisão columelar em "V" invertido foi utilizada em 15 (53,6%) pacientes e a incisão em "V" foi utilizada em 13 (46,4%) pacientes. Pele Fitzpatrick tipo 4 foi observada em 46,42% dos pacientes, Fitzpatrick tipo 3 em 46,42% e Fitzpatrick tipo 2 em 7,14% dos pacientes. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os escores de cicatriz columelar de acordo com o tipo de pele e o tipo de incisão columelar utilizados na rinosseptoplastia externa. Conclusões Este estudo demonstrou que os desfechos para ângulo nasofrontal, ângulo nasolabial e razões de projeção nasal analisados pelo programa Rhinobase em pacientes submetidos à rinosseptoplastia externa foram semelhantes aos valores de referência para a população turca.

Manejo de ferimento extenso em terço médio da face / Extensive injury management in middle face chapter

Os ferimentos faciais variam nas suas características clínicas e complexidade, podendo gerar desde consequências emocionais, devido à possibilidade de deformidade, até o impacto econômico sobre o sistema de saúde, exigindo assim uma avaliação individualizada para cada caso. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o tratamento de lesão extensa no terço médio de face atendido pela Equipe de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial do Hospital da Restauração, Recife-PE. Paciente de 42 anos de idade, gênero masculino, apresentando amplo ferimento em face com exposição de todo o terço médio. No exame, constatou-se o envolvimento da região nasal com deslocamento de tegumento e exposição de cartilagem. Foi realizado o tratamento cirúrgico sob anestesia local, com infiltração de lidocaína associado a epinefrina 1:10000,além da administração de vacina antitetânicae do uso de antibióticos endovenoso durante internamento. Após 08 meses de acompanhamento, o mesmo se encontra com estética favorável e narinas pérvias. O tempo do tratamento inicial e a qualidade da primeira intervenção são fatores primordiais para um bom resultado... (AU)

Facial injuries vary in their clinical characteristics and complexity, and can have since emotional consequences, due to possibility of deformities, to economic impacts on health systems, what requires an individualized assessment for each case. The aim of this work is to report the treatment of an extensive lesion on middle third of the face, treated by the maxillofacial surgery and traumatology team of Hospital da Restauração, Recife-PE. A 42-year-old male patient, presenting a wide facial wound with exposure of the entire middle third. In the exam, it was found the involvement of the nasal region with displacement of the integument and exposure of cartilage. Surgical treatment was performed under local anesthesia, with infiltration of lidocaine associated with epinephrine 1:10,000, in addition to the administration of tetanus vaccine and the use of intravenous antibiotics during hospitalization. After 8 months of follow-up, he has a favorable aesthetic and clear nostrils. The time of the initial treatment and the quality of the first intervention are essential factors for a good result... (AU)